联合国世界水发展报告2014

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联合国世界水发展报告2014
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Foreword
by Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations iv
Foreword
by Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO v
Foreword
by Michel Jarraud, Chair of UN-Water and Secretary-General of WMO vii
Preface
by Michela Miletto, WWAP Coordinator a.i. and Richard Connor, WWDR 2014 Lead Author viii
Acknowledgements x
Photo credits xii
Executive Summary 1
Introduction 8
STATUS, TRENDS AND CHALLENGES
1. The water–energy nexus 12
1.1 Interlocking risks and uncertainties 15
1.2 Differences and divergences 17
1.3 An economic comparison 18
1.4 Interconnections 20
2. Water: Demands, energy requirements and availability 22
2.1 External pressures that drive the demand for water 22
2.2 Current global water demand and projected increases 23
2.3 Energy requirements for water provision 24
2.4 Water availability 26
3. Energy’s thirst for water 28
3.1 Global energy demand 28
3.2 Primary energy 29
3.3 Electrical power generation 33
3.4 Energy policy implications for water 42
4. Data challenges and opportunities 44
4.1 Key indicators relating to water and energy 45
THEMATIC FOCUS
5. Infrastructure 48
5.1 Infrastructure and development 48
5.2 Opportunities for synergies in water and energy infrastructure 50
5.3 Moving forward 53
6. Food and agriculture 54
6.1 The water–energy–food nexus 54
6.2 The effects of increasing food demand on water and energy 54
6.3 Water for energy and the linkages to food security 55
6.4 Energy use in agrifood systems 56
6.5 Biofuels, water and food security linkages 57
6.6 Energy-smart agriculture 59
6.7 Towards a nexus approach 61
7. Cities 62
7.1 Global urbanization trends 62
7.2 Urban water ansd energy demands 63
7.3 The water–energy nexus in the urban context 64
7.4 Re-thinking urban development in terms of water and energy 65
8. Industry 69
8.1 The relationship of water and energy with industry 69
8.2 The status of water and energy in industry 69
8.3 Water and energy metrics in industry 71
8.4 Forces influencing the use of water and energy in industry 72
8.5 Opportunities and trade-offs 75
9. Ecosystems 77
9.1 Ecosystems as the foundation of the water–energy nexus 77
9.2 Energy, water and ecosystems: Dependencies and impacts 78
9.3 An ecosystems approach to the water–energy nexus 81
REGIONAL ASPECTS
10. Europe and North America 85
10.1 Hydropower 85
10.2 Conflicts over water use between energy and other sectors, and across borders 86
10.3 Coping with water scarcity 87
10.4 Climate change outlook and effects of water scarcity on thermoelectric power plants 87
10.5 Extraction of natural gas and oil from unconventional sources 88
11. Asia and the Pacific 89
11.1 Hydropower 89
11.2 Coal 90
11.3 Biofuels 90
12. The Arab region 92
12.1 Increasing knowledge and awareness-raising for policy coherence 92
12.2 Informing technology choice and renewable energy options 93
12.3 Addressing climate change and natural disasters 94
13. Latin America and the Caribbean 95
13.1 Water use for hydropower generation 95
13.2 Energy consumption in the provision of water services 96
13.3 The way forward 97
14. Africa 98
14.1 Energy use 98
14.2 Hydropower 99
14.3 Access to services 100
15. Creating an enabling environment for change 103
15.1 Breaking down barriers – and building bridges 105
15.2 Economic instruments 106
15.3 Role of the United Nations system and the international community 107
16. Responses in practice 109
16.1 Energy-smart and water efficient agriculture 109
16.2 Innovating cities 110
16.3 Enhancing the role of industry 112
16.4 Prioritizing ecosystem services 113
16.5 Power generation 114
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