亚太地区灾害报告2012

恋爱达人ing

亚太地区灾害报告2012（英文版）
Preface ................................................................................................................................................... vii
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................... ix
Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... xi
Contents ................................................................................................................................................ xv
List of Figures .................................................................................................................................... xvii
List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................... xix
List of Boxes and Maps ................................................................................................................ xx
Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ xxi
Chapter 1. Disaster risks in the Asia-Pacific region ..................................................... 1
1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
1.2. The Thailand floods of 2011 have a historical impact ....................................................................................................... 3
1.3. Understanding human and economic losses from disasters in Asia and the Pacific ............................... 4
1.4. Risk from hydro-meteorological hazards in the Asia-Pacific region ........................................................................ 10
1.5. Recognition of low-severity and high-frequency disaster impacts ........................................................................... 19
1.6. Urbanization presents increasing risk patterns ......................................................................................................................... 20
1.7. Emerging risks ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Chapter 2. Scaling up vulnerability reduction ............................................................... 29
2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 30
2.2. Critical vulnerabilities in Asia and the Pacific region ........................................................................................................... 30
2.3. Many facets of economic vulnerability ............................................................................................................................................. 32
2.4. Social vulnerability ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 36
2.5. Urban poverty as acute vulnerability .................................................................................................................................................. 40
2.6. MDGs affected by disasters ..................................................................................................................................................................... 41
2.7. Investments to reduce vulnerabilities and consequential disaster risks ............................................................... 43
2.8. Social protection reforms can reduce vulnerabilities ............................................................................................................ 44
2.9. Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into policies and programmes for vulnerable groups ............ 45
2.10. Integrating MDGs into disaster risk reduction ....................................................................................................................... 46
2.11. The need for a common framework: conceptualizing linkages between disaster risk and
development ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Chapter 3. The crucial role of disaster risk governance in reducing
vulnerability and exposure to hazards .................................................................................. 53
3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 54
3.2. Legislative and policy frameworks for disaster risk reduction ...................................................................................... 54
3.3. The attributes and challenges of decentralization in risk governance ................................................................... 60
3.4. Accountability in reducing exposure to risk ................................................................................................................................. 63
3.5 Adaptive governance for promoting adaptive capacity ....................................................................................................... 66
3.6. Strengthening risk governance .............................................................................................................................................................. 68
Chapter 4. Reducing disaster exposure .............................................................................. 71
4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 72
4.2. Ecosystem services and disaster exposure ................................................................................................................................. 72
4.3. Spatial and land-use planning ................................................................................................................................................................. 76
4.4. Risk-sensitive spatial plans enable investment decisions in disaster risk management and
climate change adaptation ................................................................................................................................................................................... 81
4.5. Global supply chains are a crucial link for sustained productivity ............................................................................. 84
4.6. Disaster recovery as prologue ................................................................................................................................................................ 95
4.7. Reducing exposure to reduce disaster risks .............................................................................................................................. 99
Chapter 5. Harnessing innovative technologies .............................................................. 103
5.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 104
5.2. Knowing what is at risk ................................................................................................................................................................................ 104
5.3 Protecting human lives and assets through innovation ...................................................................................................... 109
5.4. Addressing the critical aspects of effective disaster risk reduction ........................................................................ 118
5.5. Strengthening disaster risk reduction through innovative technologies .............................................................. 122
5.6. International and regional cooperation for harnessing the potential of innovative technologies .... 124
5.7. Conclusions and recommendations ................................................................................................................................................... 126
Chapter 6. The way forward to reducing vulnerability and exposure to
disaster risks in Asia and the Pacific .................................................................................... 129
6.1. The needs and the challenge .................................................................................................................................................................. 130
6.2. There is a primary need to re-evaluate the basic understanding of disaster risks ...................................... 130
6.3. Intensify and broaden vulnerability reduction ............................................................................................................................. 130
6.4. Reduce exposure to disasters ................................................................................................................................................................ 132
6.5. A direct approach to disaster risk reduction ............................................................................................................................... 133