2020年世界发展报告

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2020年世界发展报告
xi Foreword
xiii Preface
xv Acknowledgments
xvii Abbreviations
xx Part I: Overview
1 Overview
2 The expansion of GVCs could stall unless policy predictability is restored
3 GVCs boost incomes, create better jobs, and reduce poverty
3 The gains from GVCs are not equally shared, and GVCs can hurt the environment
4 New technologies on balance promote trade and GVCs
4 National policies can boost GVC participation
6 Other policies can help ensure GVC benefits are shared and sustainable
7 International cooperation supports beneficial GVC participation
8 Notes
9 References
12 Part II: Global value chains: What are they?
14 Chapter 1: The new face of trade
16 What is a global value chain?
19 The evolution of GVC participation
23 How are GVCs distributed across regions?
26 Which countries have accounted for most of the GVC expansion?
26 How are GVCs distributed across sectors?
30 A few large trading firms account for most GVC trade
34 Notes
34 References
36 Chapter 2: Drivers of participation
39 Factor endowments matter
46 Market size matters
49 Geography matters
53 Institutional quality matters
54 Transitioning up the GVC typology
59 Notes
60 References
64 Part III: What are the effects of GVCs?
66 Chapter 3: Consequences for development
68 Economic growth
76 Employment
80 Poverty and shared prosperity
82 Distribution of gains
90 The gender gap
92 Taxation
93 Notes
96 References
102 Chapter 4: Macroeconomic implications
103 Synchronizing economic activity
105 Propagating shocks
106 Synchronizing inflation
107 Reducing the effect of devaluations
111 Mitigating trade diversion and increasing trade
112 The return of protectionism
115 Notes
115 References
118 Chapter 5: Impact on the environment
119 Scale effects of trade and growth
124 Changes in the composition of production
128 Relational GVCs and production techniques
130 Green goods
132 Notes
132 References
136 Chapter 6: Technological change
137 Declining trade costs
146 New products
147 Automation anxiety
153 Openness and innovation
153 Export-led industrialization
154 Notes
154 References
158 Part IV: What domestic policies facilitate fruitful
participation?
160 Chapter 7: Policies to enhance participation
162 Facilitating participation
175 Policies to enhance benefits
186 Policies for upgrading
189 Notes
190 References
194 Chapter 8: Policies for inclusion and sustainability
195 Sharing the gains
202 Managing adjustment
204 Environmental sustainability
209 Notes
210 References
214 Part V: How can international cooperation help?
216 Chapter 9: Cooperation on trade
218 The case for cooperation
221 Deepening trade cooperation
235 Notes
236 References
238 Chapter 10: Cooperation beyond trade
239 Taxes
242 Regulation
246 Competition policy
251 Infrastructure
254 Notes
255 References
259 Appendix A: Databases used in this Report
265 Appendix B: Glossary