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数字经济报告2019（英文版）
NOTE................................................................................................................................................................iii
PREFACE.........................................................................................................................................................iv
FOREWORD..................................................................................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................................................vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................................................xiv
OVERVIEW..................................................................................................................................................... xv
Chapter I. RECENT TRENDS IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY...............................................1
A. ON THE CUSP OF A NEW DIGITAL ERA....................................................................................3
B. WHAT IS THE DIGITAL ECONOMY?...........................................................................................3
1. Evolution of the digital economy concept........................................................................................ 4
2. Main components of the digital economy........................................................................................ 4
C. TRENDS IN EMERGING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES..................................................................6
1. Blockchain technologies.................................................................................................................. 6
2. Three-dimensional printing.............................................................................................................. 6
3. Internet of things............................................................................................................................. 7
4. 5G mobile broadband..................................................................................................................... 7
5. Cloud computing............................................................................................................................. 7
6. Automation and robotics................................................................................................................. 8
7. Artificial intelligence and data analytics............................................................................................ 8
D. DATA TRAFFIC AND DATA CENTRES........................................................................................9
E. TRENDS IN ACCESS TO AND USE OF ICT.............................................................................12
1. Trends in connectivity ................................................................................................................... 12
2. Connectivity gaps within countries................................................................................................. 14
F. RECENT EVOLUTION OF E-COMMERCE ...............................................................................15
G. THE RISE OF TECHNOLOGY COMPANIES IN THE GLOBAL BUSINESS LANDSCAPE.......17
H. CONCLUSIONS.........................................................................................................................21
CHAPTER II. VALUE IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY...............................................................23
A. DRIVERS OF VALUE CREATION IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY................................................25
1. Digital platforms............................................................................................................................ 25
2. The central role of data and digital intelligence in the digital economy ........................................... 27
a. The complex nature of data...................................................................................................... 27
b. The economic value of data...................................................................................................... 29
i) The data value chain............................................................................................................. 29
ii) Data monetization................................................................................................................. 29
iii) “Ownership” of data.............................................................................................................. 32
B. A FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING VALUE IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY................................33
1. Implications of the data-driven economy....................................................................................... 33
2. Dimensions of value in the digital economy.................................................................................... 37
a. Distribution of value................................................................................................................... 37
b. Scope for upgrading ................................................................................................................ 37
c. Governance of value creation.................................................................................................... 37
d. Value creation vs capture.......................................................................................................... 38
C. CHANNELS FOR VALUE CREATION IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES..............................................................................................................................38
1. Platformization.............................................................................................................................. 38
2. E-commerce platforms.................................................................................................................. 40
3. Digitalization of value chains.......................................................................................................... 42
D. NEW PATHS FOR VALUE ADDITION, STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION AND
DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................................................43
E. CONCLUDING REMARKS........................................................................................................44
CHAPTER III. MEASURING VALUE IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY.........................................47
A. CHALLENGES TO MEASURING VALUE IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY....................................49
1. Measuring the different dimensions of the digital economy............................................................ 49
2. International initiatives for measuring the digital economy.............................................................. 50
B. VALUE ADDITION IN THE ICT SECTOR...................................................................................51
1. Overall trends in value added in the ICT sector ............................................................................. 51
2. Value added in ICT manufacturing ................................................................................................ 54
3. Value added in telecommunications and computer services ......................................................... 55
C. EMPLOYMENT IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY...........................................................................58
1. Employment in the ICT sector....................................................................................................... 58
2. Employment in ICT occupations.................................................................................................... 60
D. TRADE RELATED TO THE DIGITAL ECONOMY......................................................................62
1. Trade in ICT goods ....................................................................................................................... 62
2. Trade in ICT services..................................................................................................................... 64
3. Trade in digitally delivered services................................................................................................ 65
E. VALUE ADDED IN E-COMMERCE............................................................................................68
F. COMPREHENSIVE MEASUREMENT OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY: SOME EXAMPLES.......69
1. Accounting for digital spillover effects............................................................................................ 69
2. National initiatives to estimate the value of the digital economy...................................................... 69
G. EVIDENCE OF THE VALUE OF THE DATA MARKET................................................................70
H. CONCLUSIONS.........................................................................................................................70
ANNEX TO CHAPTER III................................................................................................................72
CHAPTER IV. VALUE CREATION AND CAPTURE IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY:
A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE..............................................................................81
A. GLOBAL REACH OF MAJOR DIGITAL PLATFORMS..............................................................83
B. MARKET CONCENTRATION DYNAMICS.................................................................................84
1. Monopolistic trends....................................................................................................................... 84
2. How platform companies strengthen their market positions........................................................... 85
3. Expansion into other sectors......................................................................................................... 87
4. Information asymmetry and data .................................................................................................. 88
5. Engaging in global policymaking ................................................................................................... 88
C. THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF DATA .........................................................................89
D. DIGITAL DATA AND GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS.........................................................................92
1. Global data value chain................................................................................................................. 92
2. Digital advertising revenue............................................................................................................. 93
3. Cloud and infrastructure assets..................................................................................................... 94
E. DIGITAL PLATFORMS AND TAXES..........................................................................................95
F. IMPACTS ON EMPLOYMENT AND PLATFORM WORK..........................................................96
1. Impact of digitalization on employment ......................................................................................... 96
2. Work related to digital platforms .................................................................................................. 97
G. CONCLUDING REMARKS........................................................................................................99
CHAPTER V. ASSESSING THE SCOPE FOR VALUE CREATION AND CAPTURE IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES...........................................................................103
A. THE IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING DOMESTIC PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY...........................105
B. THE USE OF GLOBAL DIGITAL PLATFORMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.....................106
C. LEVERAGING LOCAL AND REGIONAL DIGITAL PLATFORMS.............................................108
1. Features of local and regional digital platforms ............................................................................ 109
2. Drawbacks from the lack of innovation platforms......................................................................... 110
3. Limited growth potential of local and regional digital platforms..................................................... 111
D. DIGITAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP.............................................................................................112
1. Entrepreneurial ecosystems......................................................................................................... 112
2. Main ecosystem bottlenecks ...................................................................................................... 112
a. Small and fragmented local markets....................................................................................... 112
b. Inadequate entrepreneurial knowledge and skills .................................................................... 113
c. Lack of a highly skilled and affordable workforce..................................................................... 113
d. Limited access to finance........................................................................................................ 113
3. Innovation hubs: Opportunities and challenges ........................................................................... 114
4. Unevenness and vicious cycles in ecosystem development......................................................... 116
E. STRATEGIES FOR DIGITAL ENTERPRISES IN AFRICA .......................................................117
1. Old-school sustainability: Customer relationship scaling as a viable alternative............................ 117
2. Last-mile platforms: Moderate user-base scaling through digital-analog infrastructures............... 118
3. Using exclusive local assets to derive value for clients in developed countries............................. 118
F. DIGITALIZATION OF ENTERPRISES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES....................................119
G. CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................................121
CHAPTER VI. POLICIES AIMED AT VALUE CREATION AND CAPTURE...........................123
A. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................125
B. NATIONAL POLICIES FOR CREATING AND CAPTURING VALUE IN THE DIGITAL
ECONOMY...............................................................................................................................125
1. Connecting the dots in policy-making..........................................................................................125
2. Lessons from UNCTAD’s Rapid eTrade Readiness Assessments of LDCs ..................................126
a. Strategy formulation................................................................................................................127
b. ICT infrastructure and services development...........................................................................127
c. Trade logistics measures.........................................................................................................127
d. Payment solutions...................................................................................................................127
e. Legal and regulatory frameworks............................................................................................127
f. Skills development..................................................................................................................127
g. Access to financing.................................................................................................................128
3. Fostering digital entrepreneurship and innovation........................................................................128
4. Empowering women entrepreneurs in the digital economy..........................................................130
5. Supporting the digitalization of enterprises..................................................................................131
C. DATA POLICIES FOR CAPTURING VALUE............................................................................131
1. Data ownership policies.............................................................................................................. 131
a. Personal data markets............................................................................................................ 132
b. Data trusts.............................................................................................................................. 132
c. Collective data ownership....................................................................................................... 132
d. Digital data commons............................................................................................................. 134
2. Data protection and privacy......................................................................................................... 134
3. Data security .............................................................................................................................. 135
4. Regulating cross-border data flows............................................................................................. 135
a. A balancing act....................................................................................................................... 135
b. Data flows and trade agreements............................................................................................ 136
5. Building skills for data-driven development ................................................................................. 137
D. COMPETITION POLICY ..........................................................................................................138
1. Updating competition policy for the digital economy.................................................................... 138
2. Competition law enforcement...................................................................................................... 138
a. Defining the relevant market.................................................................................................... 138
b. Abuse of market power assessment....................................................................................... 139
c. Merger review......................................................................................................................... 139
3. Regulation as a solution.............................................................................................................. 140
4. The need for greater international collaboration........................................................................... 141
E. TAXATION OF DIGITAL PLATFORMS ....................................................................................142
1. Issues at stake............................................................................................................................ 142
2. Current policy developments ...................................................................................................... 142
3. Enhancing developing-country involvement in global tax debates................................................ 144
F. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS POLICIES IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY....................144
G. LABOUR MARKET AND SOCIAL PROTECTION POLICIES..................................................146
H. THE NEED FOR INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT........................................................................147
I. CONCLUSIONS: A DIGITAL ECONOMY FOR THE MANY, NOT JUST THE FEW.................148
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................................. 154
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