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[环境气候] 全球可持续发展报告2015

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发表于 2018-11-20 15:25:01 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式

全球可持续发展报告2015
pdf
Contents
Acknowledgements and Disclaimer .............................................................................................................................................. 9
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms............................................................................................................................................ 14
Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Chapter 1. The Science Policy Interface ............................................................................................................................... 26
1.1. Introduction: the science-policy interface for sustainable development .................................................................. 26
1.1.1. Science for sustainable development ................................................................................................................ 26
1.1.2. The science policy interface for sustainable development ................................................................................ 26
1.2. Possible roles of the HLPF for strengthening the science-policy interface: opinions from scientists and
development experts .............................................................................................................................................................. 30
1.2.1. Highlighting trends and providing policy-relevant analysis ............................................................................... 32
1.2.2. Providing a platform for science-policy dialogue ............................................................................................... 34
1.2.3. Contributing to the agenda-setting functions of the Forum .............................................................................. 36
1.2.4. Additional ideas suggested by experts ............................................................................................................... 38
1.3. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................................. 38
Chapter 2. Integrated Perspectives on the Sustainable Development Goals ...................................................................... 40
2.1. The Sustainable Development Goals and integrated perspectives suggested by the scientific community ............. 40
2.1.1. UN recognition of inter-linkages and integrated approaches............................................................................ 40
2.1.2. Sustainability science and integration ............................................................................................................... 40
2.1.3. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ............................................................................................................. 41
2.1.4. Recommendations by the International Council for Science (ICSU) and the International Social Science
Council (ISSC) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 42
2.1.5. ISCU/ISSC recommendation to formulate an overarching goal ......................................................................... 42
2.1.6. ISCU/ISSC recommendation to develop interlinking targets that are common to different goals .................... 42
2.1.7. ISCU/ISSC recommendation to formulate a compelling narrative of development .......................................... 43
2.1.8. Complexity scientists’ integrated view and global risks ..................................................................................... 43
2.1.9. From a political to a scientific integrated view of the SDG network of inter-linked goals and targets ............. 44
2.2. Integrated SDG perspectives in international assessments ....................................................................................... 46
2.2.1. Hierarchy in terms of thematic breadth ............................................................................................................ 46
2.2.2. SDG coverage ..................................................................................................................................................... 47
2.3. Global scenario models for integrated assessment of the SDGs................................................................................ 47
2.3.1. Sustainable development scenarios for Rio+20 in 2012 .................................................................................... 49
2.3.2. SDG coverage of the global scenario models ..................................................................................................... 49
2.3.3. Coverage of inter-linkages between SDGs ......................................................................................................... 51
2.4. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................................. 52
Chapter 3. The Oceans, Seas, Marine Resources and Human Well-being Nexus ................................................................ 53
3.1. Interlinked issues: oceans, seas, marine resources and human well-being ............................................................... 55
3.2. Impact of important classes of threats on the oceans, seas, marine resources and human well-being nexus ......... 58
3.3. Illustrative case studies – the need for an integrated approach when dealing with the nexus ................................ 64
3.4. Towards an integrated approach when dealing with the oceans, seas, marine resources and human well-being
nexus 66
Annex 1 (Extended versions of Table 3-1, 3-3, 3-4) ................................................................................................................ 68
Chapter 4. Disaster Risk Reduction: A Cross-cutting Necessity in the SDGs ........................................................................ 69
4.1. Global targets in two frameworks .............................................................................................................................. 69
4.2. Interlinkages – DRR as a cross-cutting issue in the SDGs ........................................................................................... 69
4.3. Measuring progress – target 11.5 .............................................................................................................................. 73
4.3.1. Global and national level target setting and differing risk profiles .................................................................... 73
4.3.2. Importance of loss accounting ........................................................................................................................... 74
4.3.4. Baseline setting and assessing risk: strengths and challenges ........................................................................... 78
4.3.5. Measuring affected people ................................................................................................................................ 81
4.4. New solutions for measuring ..................................................................................................................................... 82
4.4.1. Preparedness and Early Warning ....................................................................................................................... 83
4.4.2. Impact and Response ......................................................................................................................................... 83
4.4.3. Mitigation, Risk and Vulnerability Modeling ...................................................................................................... 84
4.4.4. Challenges .......................................................................................................................................................... 85
4.5. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................................. 85
ANNEX 1. DRR related targets in the OWG proposal .............................................................................................................. 86
Chapter 5. Economic Growth, Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development and Sustainable Consumption and
Production 87
5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 87
5.1.1. Overview of goals and development challenges in the post-2015 agenda ....................................................... 87
5.1.2. Evolution of thinking on the role of Industrial Policy for development in past decades ................................... 88
5.2. Economic growth and structural transformation ....................................................................................................... 89
5.2.1. Developing manufacturing industries: economic growth, sustained technological change and world trade... 89
5.2.2. Transforming industrial systems - increasing value addition in resource, agriculture and service industries .. 91
5.2.3. Infrastructure, industry and growth .................................................................................................................. 92
5.2.4. Industrial policies for structural transformation: rationales, scope and policy areas ....................................... 92
5.3. Industrialisation and social sustainability: inclusiveness, productive employment and education policies.............. 95
5.3.1. Inclusive economic growth and industrialisation .............................................................................................. 95
5.3.2. More and better jobs for inclusive development .............................................................................................. 96
5.3.3. Education policies for industrial transformation and inclusive growth ............................................................. 96
5.4. Sustainable consumption and production in relation to industrialization ................................................................. 97
5.4.1. Sustainable industrial systems and new consumption patterns ....................................................................... 97
5.4.2. SCP in national governance – policies and programmes to drive structural transformation through SCP ....... 97
5.5. New industrial policies for inclusive and sustainable development – policy alignment, trade-off management and
win-win solutions .................................................................................................................................................................... 99
5.5.1. Industrial policy challenges ................................................................................................................................ 99
5.6. Concluding remarks .................................................................................................................................................. 101
Technical notes ..................................................................................................................................................................... 102
Chapter 6. Countries in Special Situations ......................................................................................................................... 104
6.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 104
6.1.1. Context ............................................................................................................................................................. 104
6.1.2. The three groups of countries and related international commitments in the area of sustainable development
104
6.1.3. Publications relevant to the sustainable development agenda in the three groups of countries .................. 106
6.1.4. Existing points of contact between science and policy .................................................................................... 106
6.1.5. Investment in research and development ....................................................................................................... 107
6.2. Least developed countries ....................................................................................................................................... 108
6.2.1. Istanbul Programme of Action (IPoA) .............................................................................................................. 108
6.2.2. The Istanbul Programme of Action and the SDGs ............................................................................................ 108
6.2.3. Relevant publications for LDCs......................................................................................................................... 109
6.2.4. The science-policy interface in LDCs ................................................................................................................ 109
6.3. Landlocked developing countries ............................................................................................................................. 112
6.3.1. Historic overview ............................................................................................................................................. 112
6.3.2. The Vienna Programme of Action and the proposed sustainable development goals (SDGs) and targets ..... 113
6.3.3. Publications relevant for LLDCs ........................................................................................................................ 113
6.3.4. Science, technology and innovation in LLDCs .................................................................................................. 114
6.3.5. Investment in research and development in LLDCs ......................................................................................... 115
6.4. Small Island Developing States ................................................................................................................................. 115
6.4.1. Science and technology as a SIDS priority ........................................................................................................ 115
6.4.2. SAMOA Pathway .............................................................................................................................................. 116
6.4.3. The SAMOA Pathway and the proposed SDGs................................................................................................. 116
6.4.4. Publications relevant for SIDS .......................................................................................................................... 116
6.4.5. The landscape of SIDS related international scientific outputs ....................................................................... 117
6.4.6. Research and data from the SIDS regional and national institutions .............................................................. 117
6.4.7. Existing points of contact between science and policy in SIDS ........................................................................ 118
6.5. Data gaps .................................................................................................................................................................. 120
6.6. Concluding remarks .................................................................................................................................................. 121
Annex 1 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 122
Annex 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 126
Chapter 7. Science Issues for the Attention of Policy Makers ........................................................................................... 131
7.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 131
7.2. Crowd-sourcing science briefs for policy makers ..................................................................................................... 132
7.2.1. Open call for inputs to the present report ....................................................................................................... 133
7.2.2. 187 accepted science briefs ............................................................................................................................. 133
7.3. Highlights from the submitted science briefs .......................................................................................................... 135
7.3.1. Poverty eradication .......................................................................................................................................... 135
7.3.2. Agriculture, hunger and food security ............................................................................................................. 136
7.3.3. Health ............................................................................................................................................................... 136
7.3.4. Education ......................................................................................................................................................... 136
7.3.5. Gender equality and empowerment of women .............................................................................................. 136
7.3.6. Water and sanitation ....................................................................................................................................... 137
7.3.7. Energy .............................................................................................................................................................. 137
7.3.8. Economic growth and employment ................................................................................................................. 137
7.3.9. Industrialization and infrastructure ................................................................................................................. 138
7.3.10. Sustainable consumption and production (SCP) .............................................................................................. 138
7.3.11. Cities and human settlements ......................................................................................................................... 138
7.3.12. Climate change ................................................................................................................................................. 139
7.3.13. Oceans .............................................................................................................................................................. 139
7.3.14. Terrestrial biodiversity ..................................................................................................................................... 140
7.3.15. Peace, inclusive societies, justice and institutions ........................................................................................... 140
7.3.16. Means of implementation, global partnership ................................................................................................ 140
7.3.17. Briefs in Chinese language ............................................................................................................................... 141
7.4. Selected sustainability science highlights from academic journals .......................................................................... 141
7.5. Big data applications for sustainable development ................................................................................................. 144
7.6. UN system mechanisms to identify emerging issues ............................................................................................... 146
7.7. Time lags between science and policy ..................................................................................................................... 148
7.7.1. Ozone Layer...................................................................................................................................................... 149
7.7.2. Leaded petrol ................................................................................................................................................... 149
7.7.3. Climate Change ................................................................................................................................................ 150
7.7.4. Factors influencing science-policy lags ............................................................................................................ 151
7.7.5. Research uptake in policy in the humanitarian sector in Africa ...................................................................... 151
7.8. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................................... 152
Chapter 8. New Data Approaches for Monitoring Sustainable Development Progress: The Case of Africa ..................... 153
8.1. New technologies for data collection ....................................................................................................................... 153
8.1.1. Face-to-face data collection with mobile devices ............................................................................................ 153
8.1.2. Collecting data through cell phones, SMS and internet................................................................................... 154
8.2. Tapping into big data ................................................................................................................................................ 156
8.2.1. Cell phone data, social media and internet searches ...................................................................................... 156
8.2.2. Satellite data .................................................................................................................................................... 157
8.3. New approaches to integrate data ........................................................................................................................... 158
8.3.1. Integrating multiple data sources .................................................................................................................... 158
8.3.2. Integrating geographical information .............................................................................................................. 159
8.3.3. Integrating climate information ....................................................................................................................... 161
8.3.4. Integrated environmental-economic accounts ................................................................................................ 162
8.4. Innovative means of sharing data ............................................................................................................................ 163
8.5. Improving the data-policy interface ......................................................................................................................... 164
8.6. Scaling up innovation in Africa: the way forward .................................................................................................... 165
Chapter 9. Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................... 170
9.1. The science-policy interface and the High-level Political Forum on sustainable development ............................... 170
9.2. Interlinkages and implementation ........................................................................................................................... 171
9.3. Data for sustainable development ........................................................................................................................... 171
9.4. Monitoring progress ................................................................................................................................................. 172
9.5. The way forward ....................................................................................................................................................... 172

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